Original Article Published on 14 Mar, 2024

Maternal Satisfaction during COVID-19 Pandemic Birthing: A Cross-sectional Study

Maternal Satisfaction and Pandemic Birthing
Vol. 19 No. 1 : 2024 (140-149)

Hussein SZ Hussein SZ
Mat Radzi S Mat Radzi S

Abstract
The birth pandemic has created major challenges to the quality and efficiency of health care systems, maternity care providers and women’s childbirth experiences. This study was conducted to determine maternal satisfaction with intrapartum care and its relationship with intrapartum mothers in a teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur. This cross-sectional study was conducted with 300 intrapartum women using systematic random sampling. Maternal satisfaction was examined using 26-item questionnaires with a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.88. Data were analysed using SPSS version 26. The results of this study showed that the majority of respondents were between the ages of 31 and 36 years, Malay, housewives (93.8%), had secondary education (93.1%), and had an  income between RM4000 and RM4999 per month (97.6%). In addition, the results of the study found that 94.7% of respondents had a high level of satisfaction with intrapartum care, and 86.7% had a positive overall perception of intrapartum care. In addition, a weak but significant positive correlation was found between maternal satisfaction and mother’s perception of intrapartum nursing care (r = 0.371; p ≤ 0.001). Understanding the mother’s satisfaction with intrapartum care can help to optimise her well-being and prepare her for infant care.
Keywords : Intrapartum care, maternal satisfaction, pandemic birthing,
Abstrak
Kelahiran pandemik telah mewujudkan cabaran besar terhadap kualiti dan kecekapan sistem kesihatan, anggota kesihatan di unit kesihatan ibu, dan pengalaman kelahiran oleh wanita. Kajian ini dijalankan untuk menentukan kepuasan ibu terhadap penjagaan intrapartum dan hubungannya dalam kalangan ibu intrapartum di hospital pengajar di Kuala Lumpur. Kajian keratan rentas ini dijalankan ke atas 300 wanita intrapartum dengan menggunakan persampelan rawak sistematik. Kepuasan ibu dikaji menggunakan 26-item soal selidik dengan nilai alfa Cronbach sebanyak 0.88. Data dianalisis menggunakan SPSS versi 26. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan majoriti responden terdiri daripada mereka yang berumur antara 31 hingga 36 tahun (94.4%), Melayu (95%), suri rumah (93.8%), berpendidikan menengah (93.1%), dan mempunyai pendapatan antara RM4,000.00 dan RM4,999.00 sebulan (97.6%). Selain itu, hasil kajian mendapati bahawa 94.7% responden mempunyai tahap kepuasan yang tinggi dengan penjagaan intrapartum, dan 86.7% mempunyai persepsi keseluruhan yang positif terhadap penjagaan intrapartum. Hasil dapatan kajian menunjukkan terdapat korelasi positif yang lemah tetapi signifikan antara kepuasan ibu dengan persepsi ibu terhadap penjagaan kejururawatan intrapartum (r = 0.371; p ≤ 0.001). Memahami kepuasan ibu terhadap penjagaan intrapartum boleh membantu dalam mengoptimumkan kesejahteraannya dan menyediakannya untuk penjagaan bayi.
Kata Kunci : Kelahiran pandemik, kepuasan ibu, penjagaan intrapartum,

Correspondance Address
Siti Zuhaida Hussein. Department of Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: +6018-2055211 Email: zuhaida_hussein@ukm.edu.my

References
Afulani, P.A., Altman, M.R., Castillo, E., Beral, N., Jones, L., Camara, TL., Carrasco, Z., Williams, S., Sudhinaraset, M., Kuppermann, M. 2021. Development of the person-centered prenatal care scale for people of colour. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 225(4): 427.e1-13.

Amoah, V., Aninng Opoku, D., Ayisi-Boateng, N.K., Osarfo, J., Apenteng, G., Offe Amponsah, O.K., Owusu-Dabo, E., Issah, S., Mohammed, A. 2022. Determinants of maternal satisfaction with the quality of childbirth services in a university hospital in Kumasi Ghana: A Cross-sectional study. BioMed Res Int 2022: 9984113.

Ängeby, K., Sandin-Bojö, A.K., Persenius, M., Wilde-Larsson, B. 2019. Women’s labour experiences and quality of care in relation to a prolonged latent phase of labour. Midwifery 77: 155-64.

Arrebola, R.N., Mahia, L.P., López, S.B., Castiñeira, N.L., Pillado, T.S., Diaz, S.P. 2021. Women’s satisfaction with childbirth and postpartum care and associated variables. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 55: e03720.

Asrese, K. 2020. Quality of intrapartum care at health centers in Jabi Tehinan district, North West Ethiopia: clients’ perspective. BMC Health Serv Res 20(1): 439.

Astuti, M.D., Rachmawati, I.N., Rahmah, H. 2019.Intrapartum care satisfaction at three levels of healthcare facilities in Jakarta. Enferm Clin 29(2): 402-6.

Bavil, D.A., Dashti, S. 2021. Maternal Satisfaction about Delivery and its influencing factors in Iranian population: A systematic review of mixed methods. Malays J Med Health Serv 17(4): 296-305.

Breman, R.B., Neerland, C., Bradley, D., Burgess, A., Barr, E., Burcher, P. 2021. Giving birth during the COVID-19 pandemic, perspectives from a sample of the United States birthing persons during the first wave: March-June 2020. Birth 48(4): 524-33. 

Debela, A.B., Mekuria, M., Kolola, T., Bala, E.T., Deriba, B.S. 2021. Maternal Satisfaction and Factors Associated with Institutional Delivery Care in Central Ethiopia: A Mixed Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 15: 387-98.

del Río, R., Dip Pérez, E., Marín Gabriel, M.Á. 2021. The Neo-COVID-19 research group: Multi-centre study showed reduced compliance with the World Health Organization recommendations on exclusive breastfeeding during COVID-19. Acta Paediatrica 110(3): 935-6.

Demis, A., Nigatu, R., Assefa, D., Gedefaw, G. 2020a. Maternal satisfaction with intrapartum nursing care and its associated factors among mothers who give birth in public hospitals of North Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia: Institution-based cross-sectional study. J Pregnancy 2020: 8279372.

Demis, A., Getie, A., Wondmieneh, A., Getahun Bimerew, M., Alemnew, B., Gedefaw, G. 2020b. Women’s satisfaction with existing labour and delivery services in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 10(7): e036552.

Edmonds, J.K., Declercq, E., Sakala, C. 2021. Women’s childbirth experiences: A content analysis from the listening to mothers in California survey. Birth 48(2): 221-9.

Elgazzar, H.M., Hashem, S.A.R., Heeba, M.F. 2018. Factors affecting women’s satisfaction during labour experience. Port Said Scientific J Nurs 5(2): 220-36.

Fathi, A., Rostami, H., Pourfathiyeh, A., Mohammadi, S., Khanalizadeh, R. 2020. Investigating the relationship between marital satisfaction and pregnancy concerns in pregnant women. Nurs Midwifery J 18(1): 11-9.

Fatih Najafi, T., Latifnejad Roudsari, R., Ebrahimipour, H. 2017. The best encouraging persons in labor: A content analysis of Iranian mothers' experiences of labor support. PLoS One 12(7): e0179702.

Fumagalli, S., Colciago, E., Antolini, L., Riva, A., Nespoli, A. Locatelli A. 2021. Variables related to maternal satisfaction with intrapartum care in Northern Italy. Women and Birth 34(2): 154-61.

Getenet, A.B., Teji Roba K, Seyoum Endale B, Merha Mamo A, Darghawth R. 2019. Women’s satisfaction with intrapartum care and its predictor at Harar hospitals, Eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Nursing: Research and Review 9: 1-11.

Grimm, C.A. 2020. Hospital Experiences Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a National Pulse Survey. United States.

Imtithal Adnan, F., Noor, N.M., Mat Junoh, NA. 2020. Associated factors of labor satisfaction and predictor of postnatal satisfaction in the north-east of Peninsular Malaysia. PLoS One 15(8): e0238310.

Jha, P., Larsson, M., Christensson, K., Svanberg, A.S. 2017. Satisfaction with childbirth services provided in public health facilities: Results from a cross-sectional survey among postnatal women in Chhattisgarh, India. Global Health Action 10(1): 1386932.

Kindane, A., Getachew, T., Mesfin, F., Eyeberu, A., Dheresa, M. 2023. Maternal satisfaction on delivery care services and associated factors at public hospitals in eastern Ethiopia. Int Health 15(2): 189-97. 

Leavy, P. 2022. Research Design Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches.. New York United States of America: Guilford Publications.

Marishet, A., Zemenu, Y., Teferi, A. 2018. Maternal satisfaction and associated factors on delivery care service in Hawassa City public hospitals, South Ethiopia. Gynecol Obstet 8(5): 473.

Mattison, C.A., Dion, M.L., Lavis, J.N., Hutton, E.K., Wilson, M.G. 2018. Midwifery and obstetrics: Factors influencing mothers’ satisfaction with the birth experience. Birth 45(3): 322–7.

Mayopoulos, G.A., Ein-Dor, T., Dishy, G.A., Nandru, R., Chan, S.J., Hanley, LE., Kaimal, AJ., Dekel, S. 2021. COVID-19 is associated with traumatic childbirth and subsequent mother-infant bonding problems. J Affect Disord 282: 122-5.

Mohamad, F., Lee, P.Y., Mawardi, M. 2020. Maternal satisfaction towards intrapartum care of designated healthcare facilities and its associated factors among postnatal women attending Klinik Kesihatan Salak. Malays J Med Health Sci 16(2): 164-72.

Mollard, E., Kupzyk, K. 2022. Birth Satisfaction During the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. MCN Am J Maternal/Child Nurs 47(1): 6-12.

Pantoja, L., Weeks, F.H., Ortiz, J., Cavada, G., Foster, J., Binfa, L. 2020. Dimensions of childbirth care associated with maternal satisfaction among low-risk Chilean women. Health Care Women Int 41(1): 89-100.

Preis, H., Mahaffey, B., Heiselman, C., Lobel, M. 2022. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on birth satisfaction in a prospective cohort of 2,341 U.S. women. Women Birth 35(5): 458-65.

Rahman, M.M., Ngadan, D.P., Arif, M.T. 2020. Satisfaction on delivery care services among rural women in Sarawak, Malaysia: a cross sectional community-based study. The Indonesia Public Health J 15(2): 201-11.

Ramlee, N., Azhary, JMK., Hamdan, M., Saaid, R., Gan, F., Tan, PC. 2023. Predictors of maternal satisfaction with labor induction: A prospective observational cohort study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 163(2): 547-54.

Rishard, M., Fahmy, F.F., Senanayake, H., Ranaweera, A.KP., Armocida, B., Mariani, I. 2021. Correlation among experience of person-centered maternity care, provision of care and women’s satisfaction: Cross sectional study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. PLoS One 16(4): e0249265.

Samiye, M., Elif, U., Gamze, S. 2020. The relationship between supportive care and labor pain and satisfaction with labor in Turkish culture. Int J Caring Sciences 13(3): 2104-8.

Shiferaw, Z., Mahad, A., Haile, S. 2022. Maternal satisfaction and associated factors towards institutional delivery service at public hospitals in the Somali region, Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS One 17(11): e0277224.

Shimoda, K., Leshabari, S., Horiuchi, S. 2020. Self-reported disrespect and abuse by nurses and midwives during childbirth in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 20(1): 584.

Srivastava, A., Avan, B.I., Rajbangshi, P., Bhattacharyya, S. 2015. Determinants of women’s satisfaction with maternal health care: a review of literature from developing countries. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 15: 97.

Varghese, J., Rajagopal, K. 2012. A study to evaluate the level of satisfaction perceived by postnatal mothers following nursing care in postnatal wards as expressed by themselves: pilot study. J Biol Agric Healthcare 2(6): 101-11.
Correspondance Address

Afulani, P.A., Altman, M.R., Castillo, E., Beral, N., Jones, L., Camara, TL., Carrasco, Z., Williams, S., Sudhinaraset, M., Kuppermann, M. 2021. Development of the person-centered prenatal care scale for people of colour. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 225(4): 427.e1-13.

Amoah, V., Aninng Opoku, D., Ayisi-Boateng, N.K., Osarfo, J., Apenteng, G., Offe Amponsah, O.K., Owusu-Dabo, E., Issah, S., Mohammed, A. 2022. Determinants of maternal satisfaction with the quality of childbirth services in a university hospital in Kumasi Ghana: A Cross-sectional study. BioMed Res Int 2022: 9984113.

Ängeby, K., Sandin-Bojö, A.K., Persenius, M., Wilde-Larsson, B. 2019. Women’s labour experiences and quality of care in relation to a prolonged latent phase of labour. Midwifery 77: 155-64.

Arrebola, R.N., Mahia, L.P., López, S.B., Castiñeira, N.L., Pillado, T.S., Diaz, S.P. 2021. Women’s satisfaction with childbirth and postpartum care and associated variables. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 55: e03720.

Asrese, K. 2020. Quality of intrapartum care at health centers in Jabi Tehinan district, North West Ethiopia: clients’ perspective. BMC Health Serv Res 20(1): 439.

Astuti, M.D., Rachmawati, I.N., Rahmah, H. 2019.Intrapartum care satisfaction at three levels of healthcare facilities in Jakarta. Enferm Clin 29(2): 402-6.

Bavil, D.A., Dashti, S. 2021. Maternal Satisfaction about Delivery and its influencing factors in Iranian population: A systematic review of mixed methods. Malays J Med Health Serv 17(4): 296-305.

Breman, R.B., Neerland, C., Bradley, D., Burgess, A., Barr, E., Burcher, P. 2021. Giving birth during the COVID-19 pandemic, perspectives from a sample of the United States birthing persons during the first wave: March-June 2020. Birth 48(4): 524-33. 

Debela, A.B., Mekuria, M., Kolola, T., Bala, E.T., Deriba, B.S. 2021. Maternal Satisfaction and Factors Associated with Institutional Delivery Care in Central Ethiopia: A Mixed Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 15: 387-98.

del Río, R., Dip Pérez, E., Marín Gabriel, M.Á. 2021. The Neo-COVID-19 research group: Multi-centre study showed reduced compliance with the World Health Organization recommendations on exclusive breastfeeding during COVID-19. Acta Paediatrica 110(3): 935-6.

Demis, A., Nigatu, R., Assefa, D., Gedefaw, G. 2020a. Maternal satisfaction with intrapartum nursing care and its associated factors among mothers who give birth in public hospitals of North Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia: Institution-based cross-sectional study. J Pregnancy 2020: 8279372.

Demis, A., Getie, A., Wondmieneh, A., Getahun Bimerew, M., Alemnew, B., Gedefaw, G. 2020b. Women’s satisfaction with existing labour and delivery services in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 10(7): e036552.

Edmonds, J.K., Declercq, E., Sakala, C. 2021. Women’s childbirth experiences: A content analysis from the listening to mothers in California survey. Birth 48(2): 221-9.

Elgazzar, H.M., Hashem, S.A.R., Heeba, M.F. 2018. Factors affecting women’s satisfaction during labour experience. Port Said Scientific J Nurs 5(2): 220-36.

Fathi, A., Rostami, H., Pourfathiyeh, A., Mohammadi, S., Khanalizadeh, R. 2020. Investigating the relationship between marital satisfaction and pregnancy concerns in pregnant women. Nurs Midwifery J 18(1): 11-9.

Fatih Najafi, T., Latifnejad Roudsari, R., Ebrahimipour, H. 2017. The best encouraging persons in labor: A content analysis of Iranian mothers' experiences of labor support. PLoS One 12(7): e0179702.

Fumagalli, S., Colciago, E., Antolini, L., Riva, A., Nespoli, A. Locatelli A. 2021. Variables related to maternal satisfaction with intrapartum care in Northern Italy. Women and Birth 34(2): 154-61.

Getenet, A.B., Teji Roba K, Seyoum Endale B, Merha Mamo A, Darghawth R. 2019. Women’s satisfaction with intrapartum care and its predictor at Harar hospitals, Eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Nursing: Research and Review 9: 1-11.

Grimm, C.A. 2020. Hospital Experiences Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a National Pulse Survey. United States.

Imtithal Adnan, F., Noor, N.M., Mat Junoh, NA. 2020. Associated factors of labor satisfaction and predictor of postnatal satisfaction in the north-east of Peninsular Malaysia. PLoS One 15(8): e0238310.

Jha, P., Larsson, M., Christensson, K., Svanberg, A.S. 2017. Satisfaction with childbirth services provided in public health facilities: Results from a cross-sectional survey among postnatal women in Chhattisgarh, India. Global Health Action 10(1): 1386932.

Kindane, A., Getachew, T., Mesfin, F., Eyeberu, A., Dheresa, M. 2023. Maternal satisfaction on delivery care services and associated factors at public hospitals in eastern Ethiopia. Int Health 15(2): 189-97. 

Leavy, P. 2022. Research Design Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches.. New York United States of America: Guilford Publications.

Marishet, A., Zemenu, Y., Teferi, A. 2018. Maternal satisfaction and associated factors on delivery care service in Hawassa City public hospitals, South Ethiopia. Gynecol Obstet 8(5): 473.

Mattison, C.A., Dion, M.L., Lavis, J.N., Hutton, E.K., Wilson, M.G. 2018. Midwifery and obstetrics: Factors influencing mothers’ satisfaction with the birth experience. Birth 45(3): 322–7.

Mayopoulos, G.A., Ein-Dor, T., Dishy, G.A., Nandru, R., Chan, S.J., Hanley, LE., Kaimal, AJ., Dekel, S. 2021. COVID-19 is associated with traumatic childbirth and subsequent mother-infant bonding problems. J Affect Disord 282: 122-5.

Mohamad, F., Lee, P.Y., Mawardi, M. 2020. Maternal satisfaction towards intrapartum care of designated healthcare facilities and its associated factors among postnatal women attending Klinik Kesihatan Salak. Malays J Med Health Sci 16(2): 164-72.

Mollard, E., Kupzyk, K. 2022. Birth Satisfaction During the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. MCN Am J Maternal/Child Nurs 47(1): 6-12.

Pantoja, L., Weeks, F.H., Ortiz, J., Cavada, G., Foster, J., Binfa, L. 2020. Dimensions of childbirth care associated with maternal satisfaction among low-risk Chilean women. Health Care Women Int 41(1): 89-100.

Preis, H., Mahaffey, B., Heiselman, C., Lobel, M. 2022. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on birth satisfaction in a prospective cohort of 2,341 U.S. women. Women Birth 35(5): 458-65.

Rahman, M.M., Ngadan, D.P., Arif, M.T. 2020. Satisfaction on delivery care services among rural women in Sarawak, Malaysia: a cross sectional community-based study. The Indonesia Public Health J 15(2): 201-11.

Ramlee, N., Azhary, JMK., Hamdan, M., Saaid, R., Gan, F., Tan, PC. 2023. Predictors of maternal satisfaction with labor induction: A prospective observational cohort study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 163(2): 547-54.

Rishard, M., Fahmy, F.F., Senanayake, H., Ranaweera, A.KP., Armocida, B., Mariani, I. 2021. Correlation among experience of person-centered maternity care, provision of care and women’s satisfaction: Cross sectional study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. PLoS One 16(4): e0249265.

Samiye, M., Elif, U., Gamze, S. 2020. The relationship between supportive care and labor pain and satisfaction with labor in Turkish culture. Int J Caring Sciences 13(3): 2104-8.

Shiferaw, Z., Mahad, A., Haile, S. 2022. Maternal satisfaction and associated factors towards institutional delivery service at public hospitals in the Somali region, Eastern Ethiopia. PLoS One 17(11): e0277224.

Shimoda, K., Leshabari, S., Horiuchi, S. 2020. Self-reported disrespect and abuse by nurses and midwives during childbirth in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 20(1): 584.

Srivastava, A., Avan, B.I., Rajbangshi, P., Bhattacharyya, S. 2015. Determinants of women’s satisfaction with maternal health care: a review of literature from developing countries. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 15: 97.

Varghese, J., Rajagopal, K. 2012. A study to evaluate the level of satisfaction perceived by postnatal mothers following nursing care in postnatal wards as expressed by themselves: pilot study. J Biol Agric Healthcare 2(6): 101-11.



Afulani, P.A., Altman, M.R., Castillo, E., Beral, N., Jones, L., Camara, TL., Carrasco, Z., Williams, S., Sudhinaraset, M., Kuppermann, M. 2021. Development of the person-centered prenatal care scale for people of colour. Am J Obstet Gynaecol 225(4): 427.e1-13.

Amoah, V., Aninng Opoku, D., Ayisi-Boateng, N.K., Osarfo, J., Apenteng, G., Offe Amponsah, O.K., Owusu-Dabo, E., Issah, S., Mohammed, A. 2022. Determinants of maternal satisfaction with the quality of childbirth services in a university hospital in Kumasi Ghana: A Cross-sectional study. BioMed Res Int 2022: 9984113.

Ängeby, K., Sandin-Bojö, A.K., Persenius, M., Wilde-Larsson, B. 2019. Women’s labour experiences and quality of care in relation to a prolonged latent phase of labour. Midwifery 77: 155-64.

Arrebola, R.N., Mahia, L.P., López, S.B., Castiñeira, N.L., Pillado, T.S., Diaz, S.P. 2021. Women’s satisfaction with childbirth and postpartum care and associated variables. Revista da Escola de Enfermagem da USP 55: e03720.

Asrese, K. 2020. Quality of intrapartum care at health centers in Jabi Tehinan district, North West Ethiopia: clients’ perspective. BMC Health Serv Res 20(1): 439.

Astuti, M.D., Rachmawati, I.N., Rahmah, H. 2019.Intrapartum care satisfaction at three levels of healthcare facilities in Jakarta. Enferm Clin 29(2): 402-6.

Bavil, D.A., Dashti, S. 2021. Maternal Satisfaction about Delivery and its influencing factors in Iranian population: A systematic review of mixed methods. Malays J Med Health Serv 17(4): 296-305.

Breman, R.B., Neerland, C., Bradley, D., Burgess, A., Barr, E., Burcher, P. 2021. Giving birth during the COVID-19 pandemic, perspectives from a sample of the United States birthing persons during the first wave: March-June 2020. Birth 48(4): 524-33. 

Debela, A.B., Mekuria, M., Kolola, T., Bala, E.T., Deriba, B.S. 2021. Maternal Satisfaction and Factors Associated with Institutional Delivery Care in Central Ethiopia: A Mixed Study. Patient Prefer Adherence 15: 387-98.

del Río, R., Dip Pérez, E., Marín Gabriel, M.Á. 2021. The Neo-COVID-19 research group: Multi-centre study showed reduced compliance with the World Health Organization recommendations on exclusive breastfeeding during COVID-19. Acta Paediatrica 110(3): 935-6.

Demis, A., Nigatu, R., Assefa, D., Gedefaw, G. 2020a. Maternal satisfaction with intrapartum nursing care and its associated factors among mothers who give birth in public hospitals of North Wollo Zone, Northeast Ethiopia: Institution-based cross-sectional study. J Pregnancy 2020: 8279372.

Demis, A., Getie, A., Wondmieneh, A., Getahun Bimerew, M., Alemnew, B., Gedefaw, G. 2020b. Women’s satisfaction with existing labour and delivery services in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 10(7): e036552.

Edmonds, J.K., Declercq, E., Sakala, C. 2021. Women’s childbirth experiences: A content analysis from the listening to mothers in California survey. Birth 48(2): 221-9.

Elgazzar, H.M., Hashem, S.A.R., Heeba, M.F. 2018. Factors affecting women’s satisfaction during labour experience. Port Said Scientific J Nurs 5(2): 220-36.

Fathi, A., Rostami, H., Pourfathiyeh, A., Mohammadi, S., Khanalizadeh, R. 2020. Investigating the relationship between marital satisfaction and pregnancy concerns in pregnant women. Nurs Midwifery J 18(1): 11-9.

Fatih Najafi, T., Latifnejad Roudsari, R., Ebrahimipour, H. 2017. The best encouraging persons in labor: A content analysis of Iranian mothers' experiences of labor support. PLoS One 12(7): e0179702.

Fumagalli, S., Colciago, E., Antolini, L., Riva, A., Nespoli, A. Locatelli A. 2021. Variables related to maternal satisfaction with intrapartum care in Northern Italy. Women and Birth 34(2): 154-61.

Getenet, A.B., Teji Roba K, Seyoum Endale B, Merha Mamo A, Darghawth R. 2019. Women’s satisfaction with intrapartum care and its predictor at Harar hospitals, Eastern Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. Nursing: Research and Review 9: 1-11.

Grimm, C.A. 2020. Hospital Experiences Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a National Pulse Survey. United States.

Imtithal Adnan, F., Noor, N.M., Mat Junoh, NA. 2020. Associated factors of labor satisfaction and predictor of postnatal satisfaction in the north-east of Peninsular Malaysia. PLoS One 15(8): e0238310.

Jha, P., Larsson, M., Christensson, K., Svanberg, A.S. 2017. Satisfaction with childbirth services provided in public health facilities: Results from a cross-sectional survey among postnatal women in Chhattisgarh, India. Global Health Action 10(1): 1386932.

Kindane, A., Getachew, T., Mesfin, F., Eyeberu, A., Dheresa, M. 2023. Maternal satisfaction on delivery care services and associated factors at public hospitals in eastern Ethiopia. Int Health 15(2): 189-97. 

Leavy, P. 2022. Research Design Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches.. New York United States of America: Guilford Publications.

Marishet, A., Zemenu, Y., Teferi, A. 2018. Maternal satisfaction and associated factors on delivery care service in Hawassa City public hospitals, South Ethiopia. Gynecol Obstet 8(5): 473.

Mattison, C.A., Dion, M.L., Lavis, J.N., Hutton, E.K., Wilson, M.G. 2018. Midwifery and obstetrics: Factors influencing mothers’ satisfaction with the birth experience. Birth 45(3): 322–7.

Mayopoulos, G.A., Ein-Dor, T., Dishy, G.A., Nandru, R., Chan, S.J., Hanley, LE., Kaimal, AJ., Dekel, S. 2021. COVID-19 is associated with traumatic childbirth and subsequent mother-infant bonding problems. J Affect Disord 282: 122-5.

Mohamad, F., Lee, P.Y., Mawardi, M. 2020. Maternal satisfaction towards intrapartum care of designated healthcare facilities and its associated factors among postnatal women attending Klinik Kesihatan Salak. Malays J Med Health Sci 16(2): 164-72.

Mollard, E., Kupzyk, K. 2022. Birth Satisfaction During the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. MCN Am J Maternal/Child Nurs 47(1): 6-12.

Pantoja, L., Weeks, F.H., Ortiz, J., Cavada, G., Foster, J., Binfa, L. 2020. Dimensions of childbirth care associated with maternal satisfaction among low-risk Chilean women. Health Care Women Int 41(1): 89-100.

Preis, H., Mahaffey, B., Heiselman, C., Lobel, M. 2022. The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on birth satisfaction in a prospective cohort of 2,341 U.S. women. Women Birth 35(5): 458-65.

Rahman, M.M., Ngadan, D.P., Arif, M.T. 2020. Satisfaction on delivery care services among rural women in Sarawak, Malaysia: a cross sectional community-based study. The Indonesia Public Health J 15(2): 201-11.

Ramlee, N., Azhary, JMK., Hamdan, M., Saaid, R., Gan, F., Tan, PC. 2023. Predictors of maternal satisfaction with labor induction: A prospective observational cohort study. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 163(2): 547-54.

Rishard, M., Fahmy, F.F., Senanayake, H., Ranaweera, A.KP., Armocida, B., Mariani, I. 2021. Correlation among experience of person-centered maternity care, provision of care and women’s satisfaction: Cross sectional study in Colombo, Sri Lanka. PLoS One 16(4): e0249265.

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